- Which of the following influences geometric unsharpness?
1. OID
2. Focal-object distance
3. SID
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - Of the following groups of exposure factors, which will produce the greatest radiographic density?
(A) 200 mA, 0.03 s, 72-in source-image distance (SID) (C) 100 mA, 0.06 s, 36-in SID
(B) 100 mA, 0.03 s, 36-in SID (D) 200 mA, 0.06 s, 72-in SID - Which of the following groups of exposure factors would be most appropriate to control involuntary motion?
(A) 400 mA, 0.03 s (C) 600 mA, 0.02 s
(B) 200 mA, 0.06 s (D) 100 mA, 0.12 s - When green-sensitive rare earth screens are properly matched with the correct film, what type of safelight should be used in the darkroom?
(A) Wratten 6B (C) Amber(B) GBX or GS1 (D) None - When involuntary motion must be considered, the exposure time may be cut in half if the kVp is
(A) doubled. (C) increased by 25 percent.(B) increased by 15 percent. (D) increased by 35 percent. - Which of the following technical changes would best serve to remedy the effect of widely different tissue densities?
(A) Use of high-speed screens (C) High-kVp exposure factors
(B) Use of a high-ratio grid (D) High-mAs exposure factors - Which of the following are methods of limiting the production of scattered radiation?
1. Using moderate-ratio grids
2. Using the prone position for abdominal exams
3. Restricting the field size to the smallest practical size
(A) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - The purpose of the automatic processor's circulation system is to
(A) monitor and adjust temperature. (C) move the film and change its direction.(B) agitate, mix, and filter solutions. (D) monitor the solution and replace it as necessary. - A quality assurance program serves to
1. keep patient dose to a minimum.
2. keep radiographic quality consistent.
3. ensure equipment efficiency.
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - Exposure factors of 90 kVp and 4 mAs are used for a particular nongrid exposure. What should be the new mAs if an 8:1 grid is added?
(A) 8 mAs (C) 16 mAs
(B) 12 mAs (D) 20 mAs - The primary source of scattered radiation is the(A) patient. (C) x-ray tube.
(B) tabletop. (D) grid. - Which of the following is (are) classified as rare earth phosphors?
1. Lanthanum Oxybromide
2. Gadolinium Oxysulfide
3. Cesium Iodide
(A) 1 only (C) 2 and 3 only(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - Which of the following pathologic conditions would require an increase in exposure factors?
(A) Pneumoperitoneum (C) Renal colic
(B) Obstructed bowel (D) Ascites - Using fixed-mAs and variable-kVp technical factors, each centimeter increase in patient thickness requires what adjustment in kilovoltage?
(A) Increase 2 kVp (C) Increase 4 kVp(B) Decrease 2 kVp (D) Decrease 4 kVp - The microswitch for controlling the amount of replenishment used in an automatic processor is located at the
(A) receiving bin. (C) entrance roller.
(B) crossover roller. (D) replenishment pump. - Distortion can be caused by
1. tube angle.
2. the position of the organ or structure within the body.
3. the radiographic positioning of the part.
(A) 1 only (C) 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - The variation in photon distribution between the anode and cathode ends of the x-ray tube is known as
(A) the line focus principle. (C) the inverse square law.(B) the anode heel effect. (D) Bohr's theory. - Which of the following is most likely to produce a radiograph with a long scale of contrast?(A) Increased photon energy (C) Increased mAs
(B) Increased screen speed (D) Increased SID - A 15 percent increase in kVp accompanied by a 50 percent decrease in mAs will result in a(n)
(A) shorter scale of contrast. (C) increase in radiographic density.(B) increase in exposure latitude. (D) decrease in recorded detail. - Materials that emit light when stimulated by x-ray photons are called
(A) ions. (C) phosphors.
(B) electrodes. (D) crystals. - Which of the following examinations might require the use of 120 kVp?
1. AP abdomen
2. Chest radiograph
3. Barium-filled stomach
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 2 only
(B) 2 only (D) 2 and 3 only - A film emulsion having wide latitude is likely to exhibit
(A) high density. (C) high contrast.
(B) low density. (D) low contrast. - Which of the following groups of exposure factors will produce the longest scale of contrast?
(A) 200 mA, 0.08 s, 95 kVp, 12:1 grid (C) 300 mA, 0.05 s, 95 kVp, 8:1 grid
(B) 500 mA, 0.03 s, 81 kVp, 8:1 grid (D) 600 mA, 1/40 s, 70 kVp, 6:1 grid - How is the mAs adjusted in an AEC system as the film / screen combination is decreased?
(A) The mAs increases as film / screen speed decreases.
(B) Both the mAs and the kVp increase as film / screen speed decreases.
(C) The mAs decreases as film / screen speed decreases.(D) The mAs remains unchanged as film / screen speed decreases. - A particular radiograph was produced using 6 mAs and 110 kVp with an 8:1 ratio grid. The radiograph is to be repeated using a 16:1 ratio grid. What should be the new mAs?
(A) 3 mAs (C) 9 mAs
(B) 6 mAs (D) 12 mAs - Which of the following is (are) associated with subject contrast?
1. Patient thickness
2. Tissue density
3. Kilovoltage
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - Grid cutoff due to off-centering would result in(A) overall loss of density. (C) overexposure under the anode end.
(B) both sides of the film being underexposed. (D) underexposure under the anode end. - Foreshortening can be caused by(A) the radiographic object being placed at an angle to the film.
(B) excessive distance between the object and the film.
(C) insufficient distance between the focus and the film.
(D) excessive distance between the focus and the film. - The major function of filtration is to reduce
(A) film noise. (C) operator dose.
(B) scatter radiation. (D) patient dose. - The relationship between the intensity of light striking a film and the intensity of light transmitted through the film is an expression of which of the following?
(A) Radiographic contrast (C) Recorded detail(B) Radiographic density (D) Radiographic filtration - Which of the following will influence recorded detail?
1. Screen Speed
2. Screen / Film Contact
3. Focal Spot
(A) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - The continued emission of light by a phosphor after the activating source has ceased is termed
(A) fluorescence. (C) image intensification.(B) phosphorescence. (D) quantum mottle. - Using a 48-in SID, how much object-image distance (OID) must be introduced to magnify an object two times?
(A) 8 in OID (C) 16 in OID
(B) 12 in OID (D) 24 in OID - Image receptors / cassettes frequently have a lead foil layer behind the rear screen that functions to
(A) improve penetration. (C) preserve resolution.(B) absorb backscatter. (D) increase the screen speed. - The exposure factors of 300 mA, 0.017 s, and 72 kVp produce an mAs value of(A) 5. (C) 500.
(B) 50. (D) 5000. - What information, located on each box of film, is important to note and has a direct relationship to film quality?
(A) Number of films in the box (C) Expiration date
(B) Manufacturer's name (D) Emulsion lot - Which of the following can affect the amount of developer replenisher delivered per film in an automatic processor?
(A) Developer temperature (C) Film size
(B) Amount of film exposure (D) Processor capacity - Which of the following can be used to determine the sensitivity of a particular film emulsion?(A) Sensitometric curve (C) Reciprocity law
(B) Dose-response curve (D) Inverse square law - Which of the following factors contribute(s) to the efficient performance of a grid?
1. Grid ratio
2. Number of lead strips per inch
3. Amount of scatter transmitted through the grid
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 2 only
(B) 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - Slow-speed screens are used
(A) to minimize patient dose. (C) to image fine anatomic details.
(B) to keep exposure time to a minimum. (D) in pediatric radiography. - What will result from using single-emulsion film in an image receptor having a two intensifying screens?
(A) Double exposure (C) Increased recorded detail(B) Decreased density (D) Greater latitude - Which of the following is (are) part of the daily recommendations for processor Quality Control?
1. Sensitometry Testing
2. Temperature Checks
3. Crossover rack Cleaning
(A) 1 only (C) 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - Which of the following is (are) characteristic(s) of mammography film emulsion?
1. High Contrast
2. Fine Grain
3. Single Emulsion
(A) 1 only (C) 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - The squeegee assembly in an automatic processor
1. functions to remove excess solution from films.
2. is located near the crossover rollers.
3. helps establish the film's rate of travel.
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 2 only
(B) 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - Factor(s) that can be used to regulate radiographic density is (are)
1. milliamperage.
2. exposure time.
3. kilovoltage.
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 2 only
(B) 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - Which of the following is (are) method(s) that would enable the radiographer to reduce the exposure time required for a particular radiograph?
1. Use higher mA.
2. Use higher kVp.
3. Use faster film / screen combination.
(A) 1 only (C) 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - If a 4-in collimated field is changed to a 14-in collimated field, with no other changes, the radiographic image will possess(A) more density. (C) more detail.
(B) less density. (D) less detail.
- The exposure factors of 300 mA, 0.07 s, and 95 kVp were used to produce a particular radiographic density and contrast. A similar radiograph can be produced using 500 mA, 80 kVp, and
(A) 0.01 s. (C) 0.08 s.
(B) 0.04 s. (D) 0.16 s. - Which of the following contribute to the radiographic contrast present on the finished radiograph?
1. Atomic number of tissues radiographed
2. Any pathologic processes
3. Degree of muscle development
(A) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - A film emerging from the automatic processor exhibits excessive density. This may be attributable to which of the following?
1. Developer temperature too high
2. Chemical fog
3. Underreplenishment
(A) 1 only (C) 2 and 3 only(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - Why are a single intensifying screen and single-emulsion film used for select radiographic examinations?
(A) To decrease patient dose (C) For better recorded detail
(B) To achieve longer-scale contrast (D) To decrease fiscal expenses - Base-plus fog is a result of
1. blue-tinted film base.
2. chemical development.
3. the manufacturing process.
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - Most laser film must be handled
(A) under a Wratten 6B safelight. (C) under a GBX safelight.(B) in total darkness. (D) with high-temperature processors. - Compared to a low-ratio grid, a high-ratio grid will
1. absorb more primary radiation.
2. absorb more scattered radiation.
3. allow more centering latitude.
(A) 1 only (C) 2 and 3 only(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - Which of the following is (are) essential to high-quality mammographic examinations?
1. Small focal spot x-ray tube
2. Long scale of contrast
3. Use of a compression device
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - The function(s) of the fixer in film processing is (are) to
1. remove the unexposed silver bromide crystals.
2. change the unexposed silver bromide crystals to black metallic silver.
3. harden the emulsion.
(A) 1 only (C) 2 and 3 only(B) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - If a radiograph exhibits insufficient density, this might be attributed to
1. inadequate kVp.
2. inadequate SID.
3. grid cutoff.
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - A radiograph made using 300 mA, 0.1 s, and 75 kVp exhibits motion unsharpness, but otherwise satisfactory technical quality. The radiograph will be repeated using a shorter exposure time. Using 86 kV and 500 mA, what should be the new exposure time?
(A) 0.12 s (C) 0.03 s
(B) 0.06 s (D) 0.01 s - Which of the following tests is performed to evaluate screen contact?
(A) Spinning top test (C) Penetrometer test(B) Wire mesh test (D) Star pattern test - High-kilovoltage exposure factors are usually required for radiographic examinations using
1. water-soluble, iodinated media.
2. a negative contrast agent.
3. barium sulfate.
(A) 1 only (C) 3 only
(B) 2 only (D) 1 and 3 only - Which of the following is the correct order of radiographic film processing?
(A) Developer, wash, fixer, dry (C) Developer, fixer, wash, dry
(B) Fixer, wash, developer, dry (D) Fixer, developer, wash, dry - The steeper the straight-line portion of a characteristic curve for a particular film, the
1. slower the film speed.
2. higher the film contrast.
3. greater the exposure latitude.
(A) 1 only (C) 2 and 3 only(B) 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - Conditions contributing to poor radiographic film archival quality include
1. fixer retention.
2. insufficient developer replenishment.
3. poor storage conditions.
(A) 1 only (C) 2 and 3 only
(B) 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - An increase in kilovoltage will serve to(A) produce a longer scale of contrast. (C) decrease the radiographic density.
(B) produce a shorter scale of contrast. (D) decrease the production of scatter radiation. - All of the following affect the exposure rate of the primary beam except
(A) mA. (C) distance.
(B) kVp. (D) field size - Which of the following conditions would require an increase in exposure factors?
1. Congestive heart failure
2. Pleural effusion
3. Emphysema
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 3 only(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - An AP radiograph of the hip was made using 400 mA, 0.05 s, 76 kVp, 40-in SID, 1.2-mm focal spot, and a 400-speed film / screen system. With all other factors remaining constant, which of the following exposure times would be required in order to maintain radiographic density using 400 mA and a 200-speed film / screen system, and with the addition of an 8:1grid?
(A) 0.12 s (C) 0.4 s
(B) 0.18 s (D) 0.6 s - The number of x-ray photons delivered to the patient in a given exposure is primarily regulated by(A) mAs. (C) SID.
(B) kVp. (D) focal spot size. - A focal spot size of 0.3 mm or smaller is essential for
(A) small-bone radiography. (C) tomography.(B) magnification radiography. (D) fluoroscopy. - The plus-density artifact pictured in Figure 4-14 was probably produced
1. by careless handling.
2. after exposure.
3. before exposure.
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 2 only
(B) 2 only (D) 1 and 3 only - Boxes of film stored in too warm an area may be subject to
(A) static marks. (C) high contrast.(B) film fog. (D) loss of density. - Methods that help reduce the production of scattered radiation include using
1. compression.
2. beam restriction.
3. a grid.(A) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - X-ray film emulsion is most sensitive to safelight fog
(A) before exposure and development. (C) during development.(B) after exposure. (D) at low humidity. - When an automatic processor is started up at the beginning of the day, or restarted after an extended standby period, the technologist should process an(A) unexposed, undeveloped 14 × 17-in film.
(B) exposed and developed 14 × 17-in film.
(C) unexposed and developed 14 × 17-in film.
(D) unexposed or unexposed and developed 14 × 17-in film. - Unopened boxes of radiographic film should be stored away from radiation and
(A) in the horizontal position. (C) stacked with the oldest on top.(B) in the vertical position. (D) stacked with the newest on top. - Exposed silver halide crystals are changed to black metallic silver by the
(A) preservative. (C) activators.(B) reducers. (D) hardener. - The exposure factors used for a particular nongrid radiograph were 400 mA, 0.02 s, and 90 kVp. Another radiograph using an 8:1 grid is requested. Which of the following groups of factors is most appropriate?
(A) 400 mA, 0.02 s, 110 kVp (C) 300 mA, 0.05 s, 100 kVp
(B) 200 mA, 0.08 s, 90 kVp (D) 400 mA, 0.08 s, 90 kVp - The conversion of the invisible latent image into a visible manifest image takes place in the(A) developer. (C) first half of the fixer process.
(B) stop bath. (D) second half of the fixer process. - A change from 100-speed screens to 200-speed screens would require what change in mAs?
(A) mAs should be increased by 15 percent. (C) mAs should be doubled.
(B)
mAs should be increased by 30 percent. (D)
mAs should be halved.
- A particular mAs, regardless of the combination of mA and time, will reproduce the same radiographic density. This is a statement of the
(A) line focus principle. (C) reciprocity law.
(B) inverse square law. (D) law of conservation of energy. - The term spectral matching refers to the fact that film sensitivity must be matched with the(A) proper color screen fluorescence. (C) correct mA level.
(B) correct kVp level. (D) proper developer concentration. - What is added to the developer to prevent excessive softening of the emulsion and its sticking to processor rollers?
(A) Hydroquinone (C) Ammonium thiosulfate(B) Glutaraldehyde (D) Potassium bromide - If the quantity of black metallic silver on a particular radiograph is such that it allows 1 percent of the illuminator light to pass through the film, that film has a density of
(A) 0.01. (C) 1.0.
(B) 0.1. (D) 2.0. - A satisfactory radiograph was made using a 40-in SID, 10 mAs, and a 12:1 grid. If the exam will be repeated at a distance of 48 in and using an 8:1 grid, what should be the new mAs in order to maintain the original density?
(A) 5.6 mAs (C) 11.5 mAs
(B) 8.8 mAs (D) 14.4 mAs - Factors that contribute to film fog include
1. the age of the film.
2. excessive exposure to safelight.
3. processor chemistry.
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - X-ray photon beam attenuation is influenced by
1. tissue type.
2. subject thickness.
3. photon quality.
(A) 1 only (C) 2 and 3 only
(B) 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - Film base is currently made of which of the following materials?
(A) Cellulose nitrate (C) Polyester
(B) Cellulose acetate (D) Glass - Disadvantage(s) of using low-kV technical factors include
1. insufficient penetration.
2. increased patient dose.
3. diminished latitude.
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - What is the purpose of the thin layer of lead that is often located behind the rear intensifying screen in a image receptor?
(A) To prevent crossover (C) To diffuse light photons
(B) To increase screen speed (D) To prevent scattered radiation fog - Which of the following may be used to reduce the effect of scattered radiation on the finished radiograph?
1. Grids
2. Collimators
3. Compression bands
(A) 1 only (C) 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - The reduction in x-ray photon intensity as the photon passes through material is termed
(A) absorption. (C) attenuation.
(B) scattering. (D) divergence. - Use of high-ratio grids is associated with
1. increased patient dose.
2. higher contrast.
3. pediatric radiography.
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 3 only(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - The line focus principle expresses the relationship between(A) the actual and the effective focal spot. (C) SID used and resultant density.
(B) exposure given the film and resultant density. (D) grid ratio and lines per inch. - Which of the following can result from improper film storage or darkroom conditions?
1. Safelight fog
2. Background radiation fog
3. Screen lag
(A) 1 only (C) 2 and 3 only(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - With all other factors constant, as a digital image matrix size increases,
1. pixel size decreases.
2. resolution increases.
3. pixel size increases.
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 2 only
(B) 2 only (D) 2 and 3 only - Screen / film imaging is one example of a(n)(A) analog system. (C) electromagnetic system.
(B) digital system. (D) direct-action radiation system. - Using a short (25-30-in) SID with a large-size (14 × 17-in) image receptor is likely to
(A) increase the scale of contrast. (C) cause malfunction of the AEC.(B) increase the anode heel effect. (D) cause premature termination of the exposure. - Which of the following will contribute to the production of longer-scale radiographic contrast?
1. An increase in kVp
2. An increase in grid ratio
3. An increase in photon energy
(A) 1 only (C) 1 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3 - The developer temperature in a 90-s automatic processor is usually about
(A) 75 to 80ºF. (C) 85 to 90ºF.
(B) 80 to 85ºF. (D) 90 to 95ºF - Which of the following groups of exposure factors will produce the greatest radiographic density?(A) 100 mA, 0.30 s (C) 400 mA, 0.03 s
(B) 200 mA, 0.10 s (D) 600 mA, 0.03 s
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